Meningitis

Meningitis is a severe medical condition marked by the inflammation of the membranes (meninges) and fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. These membranes play a vital role in safeguarding the central nervous system.

Meningitis is a medical emergency and potentially fatal within 24 hours. Call 911 immediately if you believe you or someone you know has symptoms of meningitis.

Types of meningitis

Meningitis manifests in various forms and is identified by the underlying cause of the inflammation. Understanding the source of inflammation is crucial for an accurate diagnosis and getting the appropriate treatment.

The inflammatory process arises from factors, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. This inflammation initiates a series of symptoms, ranging from mild to severe, and can result in potentially life-threatening complications if not promptly identified and addressed.

The primary types of meningitis encompass:

• Bacterial meningitis: This is the most serious form of meningitis and can cause death. It is caused by bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis, which causes meningococcal disease. Getting the pneumococcal (pneumonia) vaccine and meningitis vaccine can reduce your risk.
• Viral meningitis: This is the most prevalent type of meningitis in the world and is usually mild compared to bacterial meningitis. It is caused by viruses, such as polio or hepatitis A.
• Fungal meningitis: This is a rare form of meningitis caused by inhaling fugus spores.
• Parasitic meningitis: This is a rare type caused by parasites

Preventing meningitis is best achieved through vaccination and maintaining good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing and avoiding close contact with individuals who are ill.

How do you get meningitis?

Several factors can increase the risk of developing meningitis, including age, medical history or not being vaccinated.

It's important to be aware of your risk factors, as they can help your doctor identify if you are more at risk for developing meningitis.

Key risk factors for meningitis include:

• Age
• Close contact with someone who has meningitis
• Living in close quarters, such as college dorms or military barracks
• Not being vaccinated
• Pregnancy
• Travel to high-risk areas
• Weakened immune system

Understanding your risk factors can help you take preventive measures to reduce your risk of getting meningitis.

Complications of meningitis

If not promptly diagnosed and treated, meningitis, especially bacterial meningitis, can lead to serious complications that may have long-term effects on your health, including death.

Potential complications of meningitis include:

• Anxiety and depression
• Blood clots in the limbs, which could require amputation
• Brain damage
• Developmental delays in infants
• Hearing loss
• Hormone imbalances
• Kidney failure
• Seizures
• Sepsis (blood infection)
• Trouble with motor function, including balance and coordination
• Vision problems, including blindness

Watch for potential complications if you have had meningitis and alert your provider to address them promptly.

Diagnosing meningitis

Your Aurora Health Care neuro specialist will perform a physical exam, review your medical history and ask about your symptoms. They may also ask about recent travel and if you’ve been around someone that has been sick.

Part of the physical exam may include checking for signs of infection along the spinal cord, in your ears and throat and on your skin.

If your provider thinks you may have meningitis, they may order diagnostic tests such as blood tests, a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) or digital imaging tests (CT scan or MRI).

Getting an early diagnosis is vital for receiving effective treatment, especially in cases of bacterial meningitis, which can progress rapidly.

Meningitis treatments

The treatment of meningitis hinges on the specific cause (bacterial, viral or fungal) and the severity of the infection. Swift medical care is essential to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

For bacterial meningitis, antibiotic treatment is imperative. The selection of antibiotics depends on the specific bacteria responsible for the infection. Severe cases may require hospitalization for close monitoring and intravenous (IV) administration of antibiotics.

Antibiotics are ineffective against viral meningitis. Although most cases resolve on their own, antiviral medications may be prescribed for severe viral causes, such as the herpes simplex virus.

To alleviate pain, your doctor might suggest over-the-counter medications like ibuprofen or acetaminophen. In certain cases, corticosteroids may be prescribed to help reduce inflammation.

Reducing the risk of meningitis involves preventive measures such as vaccinations, practicing good hygiene and avoiding or wearing a mask in environments such as crowded events or travel overseas.